The Cathedral of Our Lady of Kazan (Kazansky Sobor) is a Russian Orthodox church located on the northeast corner of Red Square in Moscow. The current building is a reconstruction of the original church which was destroyed at the direction of Joseph Stalin in 1936.

The original church was erected as a shrine in the early 1630s to mark the city's liberation from Polish occupation by the Russian people's volunteer army at the close of the Time of Troubles.

Prince Dmitry Pozharsky attributed his success to the divine help of the icon Theotokos of Kazan, to whom he had prayed on several occasions. From his private funds, he financed construction of a wooden church to the Virgin of Kazan.

After the diminutive shrine was destroyed by fire in 1632, the Tsar ordered it replaced by a brick church. The one-domed edifice, featuring several tiers of kokoshniki, a wide gallery and a tented belfry, was consecrated in October 1636. That its history was tempestuous is evidenced by the fact that its archpriest Avvakum led the party of religious dissenters, or Old Believers.

After numerous renovations of the Cathedral undertaken during the imperial period, the original design was lost behind later additions. The distinguished Russian restorer Peter Baranovsky supervised a complete reconstruction of the church's exterior to its original design in 1929–1932.

In 1936, when Red Square was being prepared for holding the military parades of the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin ordered the square cleared of churches. Although efforts were made by Baranovsky to save it, he could not prevent the Kazan Cathedral from being demolished (though Baranovsky did manage to save another of the square's cathedrals, Saint Basil's Cathedral from destruction).

After the fall of the Soviet Union, the Kazan Cathedral was the first church to be completely rebuilt. The Cathedral's restoration (1990–1993) was based on detailed measurements and photographs of the original church that Baranovsky made before its destruction in 1936.

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The buildings of the Great Kremlin Palace complex include small domestic churches built from the 14th to the 17th centuries. Originally, there were eleven of them, but only six remained after the numerous reconstructions of the 18th and19th centuries. The oldest of these is The Church of the Nativity.

In 1393, to honour the victory of Russian forces over a detachment of the Mongol (Golden) Horde in the Kulikovo Field (which took place on 8 September 1380), the royal wife of Grand Duke Dmitri Donskoi, Princess Evdokiya, ordered the construction of the Church of the Birth of Christ, together with a side chapel of the Resurrection of Lazarus, in the Kremlin.

The Lazarus Chapel was situated near the large altar. At that time a separate church building from white stone served as a domestic place of worship for the female contingent of the palace. The paintings in the church were executed in 1395 by the famous icon painter Feofan Grek, and Simen the Black.

In 1514 the largely decayed church was turned into the ground floor of a new great princely palace. The architect, Aleviz Novi (the Russian name for the Italian, Alevisio Lamberti da Montanyiano, who also designed the Cathedral of the Archangel), built a brick arch above it and erected a new church to the Birth of Virgin Mary.

The old building was turned into the Chapel of the Resurrection of Lazarus. In 1681 the church underwent a fundamental restoration. The superstructure was removed, the cupolas were taken off, and the walls were made flush with the walls of the Teremnyi Palace. And then a new temple with a brick cupola was erected to commemorate the Birth of the Virgin Mary.

In 1684 the Chapel of the Resurrection of Lazarus was abandoned and the building turned into a warehouse. The Resurrection Church was built in to one of the palace walls and became part of the complex. In 1838, during the building of the new palace, the forgotten Chapel of the Resurrection of Lazarus was discovered in the basement. By order of Emperor Nikolai I, the church was revived. During this process, ancient paintings were lost forever. From 1920 to 1929, and again between 1949 and 1952, the church underwent extensive restoration, resurrecting the original four-cupola building.

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