Ruthwell is a village on the Solway Firth, which separates Cumbria in England from Dumfries and Galloway in Scotland.
Ruthwell's most famous inhabitant was the Rev. Henry Duncan. He was a minister, author, geologist, publisher, artist and businessman. In 1810 Dr Duncan opened the world's first commercial savings bank, "Ruthwell Savings Bank", paying interest on its investors' modest savings.
In 1818, Duncan restored the "Ruthwell Cross", now kept inside this church.
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St Cuthbert's church has a 12th century nave and chancel in the Norman style. In the chancel is one preserved window; the rest are 1886–1887, when a major restoration and extension took place. The church is entered on the south side by a porch containing some inscribed Roman stones, possibly from Bravoniacum, that were discovered during excavations for the 19th century extension.
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Brougham Castle is located about 3 kilometres south-east of Penrith. It was founded in the 13th century by Robert I de Vieuxpont. The site near the confluence of the Eamont and Lowther rivers had already been chosen by the Romans for a fort called Brocavum.
The Vieuxponts were a powerful family of landowners in the north-west of England. When Roger de Clifford married the granddaughter of Robert Vieuxponts in 1269, Brougham Castle fell to the Clifford family.
With the start of the Scottish Wars of Independence in 1296, Brougham Castle became an important military base and impressive stone walls and a large stone gatehouse were added. When the 2nd Baron de Clifford was executed as a traitor in 1322 the family's estates became the property of King Edward II, but were returned when Edward III came to the throne. The region was often threatened by the Scots and in 1388 they captured and plundered the castle.
The castle was passed down through the Clifford family but got neglected in the 17th and 18th century. By the 1750s, Brougham Castle served only as a source of building stone for the village of Brougham.
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After the Romans left, the north became a patchwork of warring Celtic tribes. In the 7th century, the region was invaded by the Angles, a Germanic tribe that moved westwards from Northumbria. From around 870, the area was colonised by Vikings from Dublin and the Hebrides and Danes from Yorkshire.
The Norman conquest of north Cumbria took place in 1092 under the Conquerer´s son William Rufus, who retained Carlisle and Penrith and as demesne. The Norman rulers thereafter held Penrith as a crown estate
From 1242 to 1295 Penrith and dhe area around was in the hands of the King of Scots, in return for renouncing his claims to Northumberland, Cumberland and Westmorland. King Henry III had been reluctant to cede Penrith to the Scots, as it was a good source of Crown income. Tensions between the English Crown's agents and the Scottish agents attempting to defend the rights of the Scottish king and his tenants ocurred
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After the Romans left, the north became a patchwork of warring Celtic tribes. In the 7th century, the region was invaded by the Angles, a Germanic tribe that moved westwards from Northumbria. From around 870, the area was colonised by Vikings from Dublin and the Hebrides and Danes from Yorkshire.
The Norman conquest of north Cumbria took place in 1092 under the Conquerer´s son William Rufus, who retained Carlisle and Penrith and as demesne. The Norman rulers thereafter held Penrith as a crown estate
From 1242 to 1295 Penrith and dhe area around was in the hands of the King of Scots, in return for renouncing his claims to Northumberland, Cumberland and Westmorland. King Henry III had been reluctant to cede Penrith to the Scots, as it was a good source of Crown income. Tensions between the English Crown's agents and the Scottish agents attempting to defend the rights of the Scottish king and his tenants ocurred
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