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As for the interior of the dome, it was first suggested that the 45 m wide dome be covered with mosaic decoration to make the most of the light coming in through the rose windows and through the lantern. Brunelleschi proposed that the vault should shine like glittering gold, but his death in 1446 put an end to this project and the walls of the dome were whitewashed. Cosimo I de Medici decided to have the dome painted with a representation of The Last Judgment. This work, of 3600 m² of painted surface, was begun in 1568 by Giorgio Vasari and Federico Zuccaro and would last until 1579. The upper part, near the lantern, represents the 24 Elders of the Apocalypse. It was finished by Vasari before his death in 1574. Federico Zuccaro and other collaborators, such as Domenico Cresti, finished other sections: (from top to bottom) Choirs of Angels, Christ, Mary and the Saints, Virtues, Gifts of the Holy Spirit, and Beatitudes, and in the lower part of the dome: Mortal Sins and Hell. These frescoes are considered Zuccaro's best works. But the quality of the work is uneven due to the collaborations of various artists who used different techniques. Vasari had used fresco painting while Zuccaro used dry painting.

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